Hydrogen Non-Metal 1 1.0079 0.0699 20.266 14.025 - Geological Dating (water) Ground Water Tracing Helium Noble Gas 2 4.00260 0.1787 4.215 0.95 - Lithium Alkalai Metal 3 6.941 0.53 1615 453.7 20 ppm - - 2500 μg/L - - - - Beryllium Alkaline Metal 4 9.01218 1.85 2745 1560 2.8 ppm total and dissolved - 100 μg/L 100 μg/L - - - total and dissolved - 5 μg/L(AQ), 4 $#956;g/L(D) - - Geological Dating (sediment) Boron Semi Metal 5 10.81 2.34 4275 2300 10 ppm total and dissolved - 500-6000 μg/L 5000 μg/L 5000 μg/L - - total and dissolved - 500 μg/L(I), 5000 μg/L(L), 5000 μg/L(D) 5.0 mg/L - Carbon Non Metal 6 12.011 2.62 4470 4100 - Geological Dating (sediment) Graphite Native Element C steel grey to iron black, streaks black 1-1.5, greasy feel 2.23 Occurs in metamorphic rocks such as limestones, schist, and gneisses, may have been derived from carbonaceous or organic material during metamorphism. Nitrogen Non Metal 7 14.0067 1.251 77.35 63.14 - - 1.27-2.2 mg/L(NH₃), 0.06 mg/L(NO₂) - 10 mg/L (NO₂), 100 mg/L (NO₃) 4.5 mg/L (NO₂), 45 mg/L (NO₃) - - ammonium - 0.1+ mg/L(AQ) 2.2 mg/L(pH 6.5), 1.37 mg/L(pH 8.0)(AQ) - nitrite - 0.02-0.2 mg/L(AQ) 0.06 mg/L(AQ), 1.0 mg/L(D) - nitrate - 10 mg/L(AQ), 10 mg/L(D) 10 mg/L(D) - Oxygen Non Metal 8 15.9994 1.429 90.18 50.35 - dissolved (surface water only) 5-9.5 mg/L - - - - - dissolved (surface water only) - 5-11 mg/L(AQ) 5 mg/L(warm water, other life stages), 9.5 mg/L(cold water, early life stages)(AQ) - Fluorine Halogen 9 18.998403 1.696 84.95 53.48 625 ppm - - 1000 μg/L 1000-2000 μg/L 1500 μg/L - - flouride - 0.2-0.3 mg/L 1.5 mg/L(D) - Fluorite Halide CaF₂ colourless, violet, green, yellow, pink 4.0 3.18 Common as gangue mineral for metallic ores in hydrothermal veins associated with lead and silver. Also in vugs in dolomite and limestione and as an accessory mineral in various igneous rocks and pegmatites. Neon Noble Gas 10 20.179 0.901 27.096 24.553 - Sodium Alkalai Metal 11 22.98977 0.97 1156 371.0 2.3% groundwater only - - - <200 mg/L - - Halite Halide NaCl white, colorless, red, blue 2.5 2.1-2.3 Precipitated by evaporation of gypsum, syvite, anhydrite and calcite. Easily dissolve in waters of hotsprings, salt lakes and oceans. It is a major salt in playa deposits of enclosed bsins. Plagioclase *note* should include feldspar chart Tectosilicates NaAlSi₃O₈ for Albite
CaAl₂Si₂O₈ for Anorthite albite twin striations 6 2.62 Common rock forming mineral in igneous rocks. Can also be found in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Magnesium Alkaline Metal 12 24.305 1.74 1363 922 2.3% Dolomite Carbonates MgCaCO₃ usually white to colourless, transparent to translucent, vitrious and pearly lustre 3.5-4.0 2.85 Forms from limestone by the replacement of some calcium or magnesium. can also be found as a hydrothemal vein mineral in lead and zinc veins that traverse limestone, associated with flourite, calcite, barite and siderite. Magnesite Carbonates MgCO₃ - 3.5-5.0 3.0-3.2 Irregular masses or in veins derived from Mg rich metamorphic (assoc with talc, mica or chlorite schists) and igneous rocks (serpentinites and peridotites) through the action of waters containing carbonic acid. Chlorite Phyllosilicates Mg,Fe₃(AlSi)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂(Mg,Fe)₃(OH)₆ various shades of green 2.0-2.5 2.6-2.9 Common in metamorphic rocks and it is a diagnostic mineral of greenschist facies, commonly found with epidote and actinolite. Common constituent in igneous rocks where it forms as an alteration of Mg-Fe silicates. Talc Phyllosilicates Mg₃Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ white, apple green, grey, when impure as in soapstone, dark grey, green to black 1.0 2.7-2.8 Secondary mineral formed by the alteration of magnesium silicates, such as olivine, pyroxene and amphibole. Characteristic of low grade metamorphic rocks, ie soapstone. Serpentine Phyllosilicate Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄ olive to blackish green, yellow green, white 3.0-5.0 2.5-2.6 Alteration of Mg silicates, especially olivine, pyroxene and amphibole. Frequently associated with magnasite, chromite, and magnetite. Found in both igneous and metamorphic rocks, frequently in disseminated particles, in places where it makes up practically the entire rock mass. Other names chrysotile(major asbestos mineral mined extensively), crocidolite (poses health hazzard). Amphibole (Hornblende) Inosilicates essentially hydrous Ca-Mg-Fe silicates ( (Ca,Na)_2-3(Mg,Fe,Al)₅Si₆(Si,Al)₂O₂₂(OH)₂ ) white, green, black 5.5-6.0 3.0-3.3 Hornblende being the most widely distributed is an important rock forming mineral occurring in both igneous and metamorphic rocks, characteristic of some medium grade metamorphic rocks known as amphibolites which hornblende and associated plagioclase are the major constituents. Pyroxene Inosilicates essentially hydrous Ca-Mg-Fe silicates white, green, black, brown 5.5-6.0 3.1-3.5 Associated with metamorphic rocks. Biotite Phyllosilicates K(Mg,Fe)₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂ pale brown, green, yellow white 2.5-3.0 2.95-3.0 Common rock forming mineral in granites and granite pegmatites, to diorites, gabbros and peridotites in metamorphic rocks occur over a wide range of temperatures and pressure conditions both regionally and in contact metamorphosed rocks. Aluminum Basic Metal 13 26.98154 2.70 2793 933.25 8.2% dissolved 5-100 μg/L 5000 μg/L 5000 μg/L - - - dissolved - 20 μg/L(pH 6), 50 μg/L(pH >= 6.5)(AQ) 0.5mg/L(pH < 6.5), 0.1 mg/L(pH > 6.5)(AQ) - Chlorite Phyllosilicates Mg,Fe₃(AlSi)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂(Mg,Fe)₃(OH)₆ various shades of green 2.0-2.5 2.6-2.9 Common in metamorphic rocks and it is a diagnostic mineral of greenschist facies, commonly found with epidote and actinolite. Common constituent in igneous rocks where it forms as an alteration of Mg-Fe silicates. Epidote Sorosilicates Ca₂(Al,Fe)Al₂O(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)(OH) yellowish to blackish green 6.0-7.0 3.35-3.45 Forms under conditions of epidote-amphibole facies. Low temperature metamorphism that occurs in veins and joint fillings in some granitic rocks, common in limestones with calcium rich garnets, diopside, vesuvianite, and calcite. Also forms as retrograde metamorphism and forms as a reation and forms as a reation product of plagioclase, pyroxene and amphibole. Kaolinite Phyllosilicates Al₂Si₂O₅)(OH)₄ white, may be darker 2.0 2.6 Secondary mineral formed by weathering or hydrothermal alteration of aluminum silicates, particularly feldspar. Bauxite Hydroxide a mixture of Al hydroxides yellow, brown, grey, white 1.0-3.0 2.0-2.55 In supergene origin, produced under subtropical to tropical conditions by prolonged weathering and leaching of aluminum-bearing rocks. Also may be derived from weathering of clay-bearing limestones. Kyanite Nesosilicates Al₂SiO₅ blue, may be grey or green 5.0-7.0 3.56-3.66 Often from regional metamorphism of pelitic rocks often associated with garnets, staurolite, and corundum. Muscovite Phyllosilicates KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂ pale brown, green, yellow white 2.0-2.5 2.76-2.88 Common rock forming mineral in granites and granite pegmatites. Also common in metamorphic rocks as schists. Sericite forms as an alteration of the wall rock of hydrothermal ore veins. Plagioclase *note* should include feldspar chart Tectosilicates NaAlSi₃O₈ for Albite
CaAl₂Si₂O₈ for Anorthite albite twin striations 6 2.62 Common rock forming mineral in igneous rocks. Can also be found in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Orthoclase Tectosilicates KAlSi₃O₈ colorless, white, grey, flesh red, rarely yellow or green, right angle cleavage and lack of twin striation 6 2.57 Common rock forming mineral in granites, granodiorites and syenites. Can also be found in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks . Biotite Phyllosilicates K(Mg,Fe)₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂ pale brown, green, yellow white 2.5-3.0 2.95-3.0 Common rock forming mineral in granites and granite pegmatites, to diorites, gabbros and peridotites in metamorphic rocks occur over a wide range of temperatures and pressure conditions both regionally and in contact metamorphosed rocks. Silicon Semi Metal 14 28.0855 2.33 3540 1685 27.7% Chlorite Phyllosilicates Mg,Fe₃(AlSi)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂(Mg,Fe)₃(OH)₆ various shades of green 2.0-2.5 2.6-2.9 Common in metamorphic rocks and it is a diagnostic mineral of greenschist facies, commonly found with epidote and actinolite. Common constituent in igneous rocks where it forms as an alteration of Mg-Fe silicates. Epidote Sorosilicates Ca₂(Al,Fe)Al₂O(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)(OH) yellowish to blackish green 6.0-7.0 3.35-3.45 Forms under conditions of epidote-amphibole facies. Low temperature metamorphism that occurs in veins and joint fillings in some granitic rocks, common in limestones with calcium rich garnets, diopside, vesuvianite, and calcite. Also forms as retrograde metamorphism and forms as a reation and forms as a reation product of plagioclase, pyroxene and amphibole. Talc Phyllosilicates Mg₃Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ white, apple green, grey, when impure as in soapstone, dark grey, green to black 1.0 2.7-2.8 Secondary mineral formed by the alteration of magnesium silicates, such as olivine, pyroxene and amphibole. Characteristic of low grade metamorphic rocks, ie soapstone. Kaolinite Phyllosilicates Al₂Si₂O₅)(OH)₄ white, may be darker 2.0 2.6 Secondary mineral formed by weathering or hydrothermal alteration of aluminum silicates, particularly feldspar. Serpentine Phyllosilicate Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄ olive to blackish green, yellow green, white 3.0-5.0 2.5-2.6 Alteration of Mg silicates, especially olivine, pyroxene and amphibole. Frequently associated with magnasite, chromite, and magnetite. Found in both igneous and metamorphic rocks, frequently in disseminated particles, in places where it makes up practically the entire rock mass. Other names chrysotile(major asbestos mineral mined extensively), crocidolite (poses health hazzard). Muscovite Phyllosilicates KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂ pale brown, green, yellow white 2.0-2.5 2.76-2.88 Common rock forming mineral in granites and granite pegmatites. Also common in metamorphic rocks as schists. Sericite forms as an alteration of the wall rock of hydrothermal ore veins. Biotite Phyllosilicates K(Mg,Fe)₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂ pale brown, green, yellow white 2.5-3.0 2.95-3.0 Common rock forming mineral in granites and granite pegmatites, to diorites, gabbros and peridotites in metamorphic rocks occur over a wide range of temperatures and pressure conditions both regionally and in contact metamorphosed rocks. Plagioclase Tectosilicates NaAlSi₃O₈ for Albite
CaAl₂Si₂O₈ for Anorthite albite twin striations 6 2.62 Common rock forming mineral in igneous rocks. Can also be found in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Orthoclase Tectosilicates KAlSi₃O₈ colorless, white, grey, flesh red, rarely yellow or green, right angle cleavage and lack of twin striation 6 2.57 Common rock forming mineral in granites, granodiorites and syenites. Can also be found in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks . Quartz Tectosilicates SiO₂ colorless or white, but frequently colored by impurities and may then be any color, glassy lustre, concoidal 7 2.65 Abundant in igneous and metamorphic rocks, constituent of granite pegmatite, common gangue material in hydrothermal veins. Quartz Tectosilicates SiO₂ x nH₂O colorless, yellow, red, brown, green, grey, blue 5.0-6.0 1.9-2.2 Abundant in igneous and metamorphic rocks, constituent of granite pegmatite, common gangue material in hydrothermal veins. Phosphorus Non Metal 15 30.97376 1.82 550 317.30 1000 ppm ortho dissolved - 0.01 mg/L(AQ), 0.01 mg/L(D), 0.01 mg/L(R) - - total and dissolved - 0.01 mg/L(AQ), 0.01 mg/L(D), 0.01 mg/L(R) - - Sulfur Non Metal 16 32.06 2.07 717.75 388.36 0.03% - - - 1000 mg/L <500 mg/L - - sulphide(as H₂S) - - 0.05 mg/L(D) - sulphate - 100 mg/L(AQ) 500 mg/L(D) - Galena Metallic PbS grey bright metallic lustre 2.5 7.4-7.6 Source of lead, common metallic sulfide, associated with sphalerite, pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, quartz, barite and flourite, in hydrothemal veins is associated with silver. Gypsum Sulphate CaSO₄2H₂O colorless, white, grey 2.0 2.32 Common in sedimentary rocks as thick beds or interstratified with limestones and shales and is usually found as a layer underlying beds of salt. Sometimes occurs as lenses in sedimentary rocks. Also occurs as gangue material in metallic veins. Sulfur Native S pale yellow 1.5-2.5 2.05-2.09 Occurs at or near the crator rims of active and extinct volcanoes where it has been dirived from the gases given off in furmaroles. Can be found in veins associated with metallic sulfides, commonly found in Tertiary sedimentary rocks associated with anhydrite, gypsum, and limestone; often in clay rocks; frequently in bituminous deposits. Anhydrite Sulphate CaSO₄ white, colorless, red, blue, grey 3.0-3.5 2.89-2.98 Occurs in much the same manner as gypsum, found in beds associated with salt deposits in the cap rock of salt domes, and in limestone. Found in some amygdolodal cavities in basalt. Witherite Carbonate CaSO₄ white, colorless 3.5 4.3 Most frequently found in veins associated with galena. Chlorine Halogen 17 35.453 3.17 239.1 172.16 130 ppm - 2 μg/L 100-700 mg/L - <250 mg/L - - chloride - - 0.002 ?(AQ), 250 mg/L(D) - Geological Dating Ground Water Tracing Halite Halide NaCl white, colorless, red, blue 2.5 2.1-2.3 Precipitated by evaporation of gypsum, syvite, anhydrite and calcite. Easily dissolve in waters of hotsprings, salt lakes and oceans. It is a major salt in playa deposits of enclosed bsins. Argon Noble Gas 18 39.948 1.784 87.30 83.81 - Geological Dating Geological Dating Geological Dating (sulfides & metamorphic) Potassium Alkalai Metal 19 39.0983 0.86 1032 336.35 2.1% Geological Dating Muscovite Phyllosilicates KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂ pale brown, green, yellow white 2.0-2.5 2.76-2.88 Common rock forming mineral in granites and granite pegmatites. Also common in metamorphic rocks as schists. Sericite forms as an alteration of the wall rock of hydrothermal ore veins. Biotite Phyllosilicates K(Mg,Fe)₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂ pale brown, green, yellow white 2.5-3.0 2.95-3.0 Common rock forming mineral in granites and granite pegmatites, to diorites, gabbros and peridotites in metamorphic rocks occur over a wide range of temperatures and pressure conditions both regionally and in contact metamorphosed rocks. Orthoclase Tectosilicates KAlSi₃O₈ colorless, white, grey, flesh red, rarely yellow or green, right angle cleavage and lack of twin striation 6 2.57 Common rock forming mineral in granites, granodiorites and syenites. Can also be found in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks . Calcium Alkaline Metal 20 40.08 1.55 1757 1112 4.0% - - - 1000 mg/L - - - Geological Dating (igneous and sedimentary) Geological Dating (igneous and sedimentary) Calcium Alkaline Metal 20 40.08 1.55 1757 1112 4.0% Calcite Carbonates CaCO₃ White to colourless, transparent to translucent, vitrious and pearly lustre 3 2.71 Limestone, calcrete, marl, shale, marble, amygules, chalk, cave deposits, trevertine, common in hydrothermal veins associated with sulfide ore deposits. Dolomite Carbonates MgCaCO₃ usually white to colourless, transparent to translucent, vitrious and pearly lustre 3.5-4.0 2.85 Forms from limestone by the replacement of some calcium or magnesium. can also be found as a hydrothemal vein mineral in lead and zinc veins that traverse limestone, associated with flourite, calcite, barite and siderite. Aragonite Carbonates CaCO₃ - 3.5-4.0 2.95 Precipitated in near surface conditions ie-hot springs, associated with beds of gypsum and deposits of iron ore. Epidote Sorosilicates Ca₂(Al,Fe)Al₂O(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)(OH) yellowish to blackish green 6.0-7.0 3.35-3.45 Forms under conditions of epidote-amphibole facies. Low temperature metamorphism that occurs in veins and joint fillings in some granitic rocks, common in limestones with calcium rich garnets, diopside, vesuvianite, and calcite. Also forms as retrograde metamorphism and forms as a reaction product of plagioclase, pyroxene and amphibole. Gypsum Sulphate CaSO₄2H₂O colorless, white, grey 2.0 2.32 Common in sedimentary rocks as thick beds or interstratified with limestones and shales and is usually found as a layer underlying beds of salt. Sometimes occurs as lenses in sedimentary rocks. Also occurs as gangue material in metallic veins. Anhydrite Sulphate CaSO₄ white, colorless, red, blue, grey 3.0-3.5 2.89-2.98 Occurs in much the same manner as gypsum, found in beds associated with salt deposits in the cap rock of salt domes, and in limestone. Found in some amygdolodal cavities in basalt. Pyroxene Inosilicates essentially hydrous Ca-Mg-Fe silicates white, green, black, brown 5.5-6.0 3.1-3.5 Associated with metamorphic rocks. Fluorite Halide CaF₂ colourless, violet, green, yellow, pink 4.0 3.18 Common as gangue mineral for metallic ores in hydrothermal veins associated with lead and silver. Also in vugs in dolomite and limestione and as an accessory mineral in various igneous rocks and pegmatites. need chart Amphibole (Hornblende) Inosilicates essentially hydrous Ca-Mg-Fe silicates ( (Ca,Na)_2-3(Mg,Fe,Al)₅Si₆(Si,Al)₂O₂₂(OH)₂ ) white, green, black 5.5-6.0 3.0-3.3 Hornblende being the most widely distributed is an important rock forming mineral occurring in both igneous and metamorphic rocks, characteristic of some medium grade metamorphic rocks known as amphibolites which hornblende and associated plagioclase are the major constituents. Scandium Transition Metal 21 44.9559 3.0 3104 1812 16 ppm Titanium Transition Metal 22 47.90 4.50 3562 1943 5700 ppm chloride - - 0.002 ?(AQ), 250 mg/L(D) - Ilmenite Oxide FeTiO₃ black metallic 5.5-6.0 4.7 May be found in large masses in gabbros, diorites and anorthosites as a product of magmatic segregation intemaely associated with magnetite. Also found in some pegmatites and vein deposits. Rutile Oxide TiO₂ brown to black 6.0-6.5 4.18-4.25 Found in granites, granite pegmatites , gneisses, mica schist, metamorphic limestone, and dolomite. Vanadium Transition Metal 23 50.9415 5.8 3682 2175 135 ppm total and dissolved - 100 μg/L 100 μg/L - - - total and dissolved - 100 μg/L(D), 100 μg/L(I), 100 μg/L(L) - - Chromium Transition Metal 24 51.996 7.19 2945 2130 100 ppm total and dissolved 2-20 μg/L 100 μg/L 1000 μg/L 50 μg/L - - total and dissolved 0.1 mg/L 2 μg/L(total and dissolved solid)(AQ) 0.2 mg/L(fish), 0.002 mg/L (including zooplankton and phytoplankton)(AQ), 0.5 mg/L(D) 57 (μg/L) (trivalent), 10 (μg/L) (hexavalent) Chromite Oxide FeCr₂O₄ Iron black to brown black, streaks dark brown to black 4.6 5.5 Common constituent of peridotites and other ultrabasic rocks and of serpentines. Found in magma differentiation as one of the first minerals to separate during cooling. Manganese Transition Metal 25 54.938 7.43 2335 1517 950 ppm total and dissolved - 200 μg/L - <50 μg/L - - total and dissolved - 100 μg/L(AQ), 50 μg/L(D) 0.5 mg/L(D) - Rhodchrosite Carbonates MnCO₃ - 3.5-4.0 3.5-3.7 Hydrothermal veins with ores of silver, lead, copper and with other manganese minerals. Pyrolusite Oxide MnO₂ iron black,usually splintery or in radiating fibrous aggregates, streaks black 1-2 4.7 In bogs, lake bottoms and on ocean floors as nodular deposits. In residual clay derived from the decay of manganiferous limestone. Also found in veins with quartz and various metallic minerals. Iron Transition Metal 26 55.847 7.86 3135 1809 4.1% total and dissolved 300 μg/L 5000 μg/L - <300 μg/L - - total and dissolved 3.5 mg/L 300 μg/L(AQ), 300 μg/L(D) 0.3 mg/L(AQ), 0.3 mg/L(D) - Siderite Carbonates FeCO₃ - 3.5-4.0 3.96 for pure FeCO₃ Frequently found as clay ironstone in concretions with concentric layers, black-band ore stratified formations lying in shales and commonly associated with coal measures, common in viens associated with metallic ores containig silver minerals, pyrite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, and galena. Hematite Oxide Fe₂O₃ Dark Brown to steel grey to black, streaks red brown 5.5-6.5 4.8-5.3 Occurs in contact metaporphic deposits and as an accessory mineral in feldspathic igneous rocks such as granites. Goethite Oxide xFeO(OH) Dark Brown to black, streaks yellow brown 5.0-5.5 4.37 Formed under oxidizing conditions as a weathering product of iron-bearing minerals. Forms as a direct inorganic and biogenic precipitate from water and is widespread as a deposit in bogs and springs. Forms the gossan or "iron hat" over metalliferous veins. large quanitities also found as residual latterite from the weathering of serpentine. Chromite Oxide FeCr₂O₄ Iron black to brown black, streaks dark brown to black 4.6 5.5 Common constituent of peridotites and other ultrabasic rocks and of serpentines. Found in magma differentiation as one of the first minerals to separate during cooling. Chromite Oxide FeCr₂O₄ Iron black to brown black, streaks dark brown to black 4.6 5.5 Common constituent of peridotites and other ultrabasic rocks and of serpentines. Found in magma differentiation as one of the first minerals to separate during cooling. Pyrite Sulfides FeS₂ pale yellow metallic, streaks black 6.0-6.5 5.2 Occurs as magmatic segregations, as an accessory mineral in igneous rocks and in contact metamorphic deposits and hydrothermal veins, and is also common in sedimentary rocks. Most frequently found with galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite. Marcasite Sulfides FeS₂ pale yellow to almost white, metallic, streaks black 6.0-6.5 4.9 Found in metalliferous veins, frequently with lead and zinc ores. Less stable than pyrite and decomposes easily. Commonly formed under surface conditions and supergene miners. most frequently occurs as replacement deposits in limestone, and often in concretions embedded in clays, marls and shales. Pyrrhotite Sulfides Fe_1+xS brownish bronze 4.0 4.6 Found in contact metamorphic deposits, in vein deposits and in pegmatites, and commonly associated with basic igneous rocks. Arsenopyrite Sulfides FeAsS Silver or tin white, streaks black 5.5-6.0 6.0-6.2 Occurs with tin and tungsten ores in high-temperature hydrothemal drposits, associated with silver and copper ores, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and frequently gold. found in pegmaites, contact metamorphic deposits and disseminated in crystalline limestones. Bornite Sulfides Cu₅FeS₂ brownish bronze (on a fresh surface), purple tarnish 3.0 5.0 Found in association with other sulfides in hypogene deposits, less frequently as a supergene mineral in the upper enriched sone of copper veins. occurs disseminated in basic rocks, in contact metamorphic deposits, in replacement deposits and in pegmatites. Magnetite Oxide Fe₃O₄ black 6.0 5.18 strongly magnetic Disseminated as an accessory through most igeous rock, common constituent in sedimentary and metamorphic banded Precambrian iron-formation, commonly associated with metamophic rocks and may occur as lenes and large beds. Ilmenite Oxide FeTiO₃ black metallic 5.5-6.0 4.7 May be found in large masses in gabbros, diorites and anorthosites as a product of magmatic segregation intemaely associated with magnetite. Also found in some pegmatites and vein deposits. Chlorite Phyllosilicates Mg,Fe₃(AlSi)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂(Mg,Fe)₃(OH)₆ various shades of green 2.0-2.5 2.6-2.9 Common in metamorphic rocks and it is a diagnostic mineral of greenschist facies, commonly found with epidote and actinolite. Common constituent in igneous rocks where it forms as an alteration of Mg-Fe silicates. Pyroxene Inosilicates essentially hydrous Ca-Mg-Fe silicates white, green, black, brown 5.5-6.0 3.1-3.5 Associated with metamorphic rocks. Biotite Phyllosilicates K(Mg,Fe)₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂ pale brown, green, yellow white 2.5-3.0 2.95-3.0 Common rock forming mineral in granites and granite pegmatites, to diorites, gabbros and peridotites in metamorphic rocks occur over a wide range of temperatures and pressure conditions both regionally and in contact metamorphosed rocks. Chalcopyrite Sulfides CuFeS₂ brass yellow, streaks black 4.1-4.3 3.5-4.0 Associated with copper minerals and pyrite. Chromite Oxide FeCr₂O₄ Iron black to brown black, streaks dark brown to black 4.6 5.5 Common constituent of peridotites and other ultrabasic rocks and of serpentines. Found in magma differentiation as one of the first minerals to separate during cooling. Epidote Sorosilicates Ca₂(Al,Fe)Al₂O(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)(OH) yellowish to blackish green 6.0-7.0 3.35-3.45 Forms under conditions of epidote-amphibole facies. Low temperature metamorphism that occurs in veins and joint fillings in some granitic rocks, common in limestones with calcium rich garnets, diopside, vesuvianite, and calcite. Also forms as retrograde metamorphism and forms as a reation and forms as a reation product of plagioclase, pyroxene and amphibole. need chart Amphibole (Hornblende) Inosilicates essentially hydrous Ca-Mg-Fe silicates ( (Ca,Na)_2-3(Mg,Fe,Al)₅Si₆(Si,Al)₂O₂₂(OH)₂ ) white, green, black 5.5-6.0 3.0-3.3 Hornblende being the most widely distributed is an important rock forming mineral occurring in both igneous and metamorphic rocks, characteristic of some medium grade metamorphic rocks known as amphibolites which hornblende and associated plagioclase are the major constituents. Cobalt Transition Metal 27 58.9332 8.90 3201 1768 25 ppm total and dissolved - 50 μg/L 1000 μg/L - - - total and dissolved - 0.9 μg/L(AQ) - 57 (μg/L) (trivalent) Nickel Transition Metal 28 58.70 7.14 3187 1726 75 ppm total and dissolved 25-150 μg/L 200 μg/L 1000 μg/L - - - total and dissolved 0.5 mg/L 25 μg/L(<60 mg/Lhardness)(AQ) 25 μg/L(0-60 mg/Lhardness), 65 μg/L(60-120 mg/L hardness), 110 μg/L (120-180 mg/L hardness), 150 μg/L ( >180 mg/L hardness)(AQ) 8.2 (μg/L) Copper Transition Metal 29 63.546 8.96 2836 1357.6 55 ppm total and dissolved 2-4 μg/L 200-1000 μg/L 500-5000 μg/L <1000 μg/L - - total and dissolved 0.5 mg/L 2 μg/L(AQ) 2 μg/L (hardness 0-120 mg/L), 3 μg/L (120-180 mg/L hardness), 8 μg/L (>180 mg/L hardness)(AQ), 1.0 mg/L(D) 2.4 (μg/L) Malachite Carbonates Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂ bright green, streaks pale green 3.5-4.0 3.9-4.03 Supergene copper mineral deposits usually associated with limestone. Azurite Carbonates Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂ intense azure blue 3.5-4.0 3.77 Supergene copper mineral deposits usually associated with limestone, less common than malachite. Covellite Sulfide CuS Blue, tarnishes to blue black 1.5-2.0 4.6 Found in copper deposits as supergene mineral, usually as a coating, in zones of sulfide enrichment. Associated with copper minerals; chalcocite, chalcopyrite, and bornite. Chalcopyrite Sulfides CuFeS₂ brass yellow, streaks black 4.1-4.3 3.5-4.0 Associated with copper minerals and pyrite. Bornite Sulfides Cu₅FeS₂ brownish bronze (on a fresh surface), purple tarnish 3.0 5.0 Found in association with other sulfides in hypogene deposits, less frequently as a supergene mineral in the upper enriched sone of copper veins. occurs disseminated in basic rocks, in contact metamorphic deposits, in replacement deposits and in pegmatites. Zinc Transition Metal 30 65.38 7.14 1180 892.73 70 ppm total and dissolved 30 μg/L 1000-5000 μg/L 50000 μg/L <5000 μg/L - - total and dissolved 2 mg/L 14-30 μg/L(AQ) 0.03 mg/L(AQ), 5.0 mg/L(D) 32 (μg/L) Sphalerite Sulfide ZnS Dark Brown to coal black 3.5-4.0 3.9-4.1 Important ore of zinc found in lead zinc deposits. Can be found in veins of igneous rocks and contact metamorphic deposits, and in veins associated with galena. Gallium Basic Metal 31 69.72 5.91 2478 302.90 15 ppm Germanium Semi Metal 32 72.59 5.32 3107 1210.4 1.5 ppm Arsenic Semi Metal 33 74.9216 5.72 879 (subl.) 1061 (28 atm.) 1.5 ppm total and dissolved 50 μg/L 100 μg/L 500-5000 μg/L 25 μg/L - - total and dissolved 0.1 mg/L 5 μg/L(AQ), 25 μg/L(D) 0.5 mg/L(AQ), 0.5 mg/L(D) 0.018 (μg/L) Arsenopyrite Sulfides FeAsS Silver or tin white, streaks black 5.5-6.0 6.0-6.2 Occurs with tin and tungsten ores in high-temperature hydrothemal drposits, associated with silver and copper ores, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and frequently gold. found in pegmaites, contact metamorphic deposits and disseminated in crystalline limestones. Selenium Non Metal 34 78.96 4.80 958 494 0.05 ppm total and dissolved 1 μg/L 20-50 μg/L 50 μg/L 10 μg/L - - total and dissolved - 1 μg/L(AQ) 0.001 μg/L(AQ), 0.01 μg/L(D) 5 (μg/L) Bromine Halogen 35 79.904 3.12 332.25 265.90 2.5 ppm Krypton Noble Gas 36 83.80 3.74 119.80 115.78 - Rubidium Alkalai Metal 37 85.4678 1.53 961 312.64 90 ppm Geological Dating (acidic-intermed. igneous) Strontium Alkaline Metal 38 87.62 2.6 1650 1041 375 ppm Geological Dating (acidic-intermed. igneous) Geological Dating (acidic-intermed. igneous) Yttrium Transition Metal 39 88.9059 4.5 3611 1799 30 ppm Zirconium Transition Metal 40 91.22 6.49 4682 2125 165 ppm Niobium Transition Metal 41 92.9064 8.55 5017 2740 20 ppm Molybdenum Transition Metal 42 95.94 10.2 4912 2890 1.5 ppm total and dissolved - 10-50 μg/L 500 μg/L - - - total and dissolved - 10 μg/L(I), 50 μg/L(L), 50 μg/L(W) - - Molybdenite Sulfide MoS₂ blue black, streaks black to greenish black 1-1.5 4.7 Forms as accessory mineral in certain granites, pegmatites and aplites. Associated with porphyry copper deposits. Common in high-temperature veins associated with cassiderite, scheelite, wolframite and flurite. Associated with contact metamorphic deposits with scheelite, lime silicates and chalcoprite. Technetium Transition Metal 43 (98) 11.5 4538 2473 - Ruthenium Transition Metal 44 101.07 12.2 4423 2523 0.0004 ppm Rhodium Transition Metal 45 102.9055 12.4 3970 2236 0.0004 ppm Palladium Transition Metal 46 106.4 12.0 3237 1825 0.004 ppm Silver Transition Metal 47 107.868 10.5 2436 1234 0.07 ppm total and dissolved 0.1 μg/L - - - - - total and dissolved - 0.05 μg/L (hardness <100 mg/L(AQ) 0.0001 mg/L(AQ), 0.05 mg/L(D) 0.32 (μg/L) Cadmium Transition Metal 48 112.41 8.65 1040 594.18 0.2 ppm total and dissolved 0.2-1.8 μg/L 10 μg/L 20 μg/L 5 μg/L - - Indium Basic Metal 49 114.82 7.31 2346 429.76 0.1 ppm Tin Basic Metal 50 118.69 7.30 2876 505.06 2.2 ppm Cassiderite Oxide SnO₂ brown to black, streaks light brown 6.0-7.0 6.8-7.1 More common in high-temperature hydrothermal veins in or near granitic rocks. Frequently associated with wolframite, molybdenite and arsenopyrite. Can also be found as pebbles in placer deposits (stream tin). Antimony Semi Metal 51 121.75 6.68 1860 904 0.2 ppm total and dissolved - 20 μg/L(AQ), 6 $#956;g/L(D) - 14 (μg/L) Stibnite Sulfide Sb₂S₃ blue black, streaks grey black 2 4.5 parallel striations Low temperature hydrothermal veins or replacement deposits and in hot spring deposits. Associated with antimony minerals. Tellurium Semi Metal 52 127.60 6.24 1261 722.65 0.001 ppm Iodine Halogen 53 126.9045 4.92 458.4 386.7 0.5 ppm Xenon Noble Gas 54 131.30 5.89 165.03 161.36 - Cesium Alkalai Metal 55 132.9054 1.87 944 301.55 3 ppm Barium Alkaline Metal 56 137.33 3.5 2171 1002 425 ppm total and dissolved - - - 1000 μg/L - - total and dissolved - 1000 μg/L(AQ), 1000 μg/L(D) 1.0 mg/L - Barite Sulphate BaSO₄ colorless, white, and light shades of blue, yellow and red 3-3.5 4.5 (heavy for a non-metallic mineral) Common as gangue material. Witherite Carbonate BaCO₃ white, colorless 3.5 4.3 Most frequently found in veins associated with galena. Lanthanum Rare Earth 57 138.9055 6.7 3730 1193 30 ppm Cerium Rare Earth 58 140.12 6.78 3699 1071 60 ppm Praseodymium Rare Earth 59 140.9077 6.77 3785 1204 8.2 ppm Neodymium Rare Earth 60 144.24 7.00 3341 1289 28 ppm Geological Dating (mafic/utramafic igneous) Geological Dating (mafic/ultramafic igneous) Promethium Rare Earth 61 (145) 6.475 3785 1204 - Samarium Rare Earth 62 150.4 7.54 2064 1345 6 ppm Geological Dating (mafic/ultramafic igneous) Europium Rare Earth 63 151.96 5.26 1870 1090 1.2 ppm Gadolinium Rare Earth 64 157.25 7.89 3539 1583 5.4 ppm Terbium Rare Earth 65 158.9254 8.27 3496 1630 0.9 ppm Dysprosium Rare Earth 66 162.50 8.54 2835 1682 3 ppm Holmium Rare Earth 67 164.9304 8.80 2968 1743 1.2 ppm Erbium Rare Earth 68 167.26 9.05 3136 1795 2.8 ppm Thulium Rare Earth 69 168.9342 9.33 2220 1818 0.48 ppm Ytterbium Rare Earth 70 173.04 6.96 1467 1097 3 ppm Lutetium Transition Metal 71 174.967 9.84 3668 1936 0.5 ppm Geological Dating Hafnium Transition Metal 72 178.49 13.1 4876 2500 3 ppm Geological Dating Geological Dating Tantalum Transition Metal 73 180.9476 16.6 5731 3287 2 ppm Tungsten Transition Metal 74 183.85 19.3 5828 3680 1.5 ppm Rhenium Transition Metal 75 186.207 21.0 5869 3453 0.0005 ppm Geological Dating (sulfide minerals of Mo and Cu) Osmium Transition Metal 76 190.2 22.4 5285 3300 0.0004 ppm Geological Dating Geological Dating Iridium Transition Metal 77 192.22 22.5 4701 2716 0.0004 ppm Platinum Transition Metal 78 195.09 21.4 4100 2045 0.002 ppm Gold Transition Metal 79 196.9665 19.3 3130 1337.56 0.004 ppm Mercury Transition Metal 80 200.59 13.53 630 234.28 0.08 ppm - 0.01 mg/L - 0.0001 mg/L(AQ), 0.001 mg/L(D) 0.012 (μg/L) Cinnabar Sulfide HgS Red to vermillion, streaks bright red 2.0-2.5 8.1 Vein fillings near volcano or hotsprings. Associated with pyrite marcasite, sulfides of copper, and stibnite. Thallium Basic Metal 81 204.37 11.85 1746 577 0.45 ppm Lead Basic Metal 82 207.2 11.4 2023 600.6 12.5 ppm total and dissolved 1-7 μg/L 200 μg/L 100 μg/L 10 μg/L - - total and dissolved 0.2 mg/L 3 μg/L(AQ) 1 μg/L (hardness 0-60 mg/L), 2 μg/L (60-120 mg/L hardness), 4 μg/L (120-180 mg/L hardness), 7 μg/L (>180 mg/L hardness)(AQ) 0.54 (μg/L) Geological Dating (zircon) Geological Dating (zircon) Geological Dating (zircon) Geological Dating (zircon) Geological Dating (sediment and glaciers) Galena Metallic PbS grey bright metallic lustre 2.5 7.4-7.6 Source of lead, common metallic sulfide, associated with sphalerite, pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, quartz, barite and flourite, in hydrothemal veins is associated with silver. Bismuth Basic Metal 83 208.9804 9.8 1837 544.52 0.17 ppm Polonium Semi Metal 84 (209) 9.4 1235 527 - Astatine Halogen 85 (210) - 610 575 - Radon Noble Gas 86 (222) 9.91 211 202 - Francium Alkalai Metal 87 (223) - 950 800 - Radium Alkaline Metal 88 (226.0254) 5 1809 973 - Actinium Transition Metal 89 (227.0278) 10.07 3473 1323 - Thorium Rare Earth 90 232.0381 11.7 5061 2028 10 ppm Geological Dating (zircon & ocean sediment) Geological Dating (ocean sediment) Protactinium Rare Earth 91 231.0359 15.4 - - - Geological Dating (ocean sediment) Uranium Rare Earth 92 238.029 18.90 4407 1405 2.7 ppm total and dissolved - 10 μg/L 200 μg/L 100 μg/L - - total and dissolved - 100 μg/L(D), 10 μg/L(I) 0.02 mg/L(D) - Geological Dating (zircon & ocean sediment) Geological Dating (zircon) Neptunium Rare Earth 93 237.0482 20.4 - 910 - Plutonium Rare Earth 94 (244) 19.8 3503 913 - Americium Rare Earth 95 (243) 13.6 2880 1268 - Curium Rare Earth 96 (247) 13.511 - 1340 - Berkelium Rare Earth 97 (247) - - - - Californium Rare Earth 98 (251) - - 900 - Einsteinium Rare Earth 99 (252) - - - - Fermium Rare Earth 100 (257) - - - - Mendelevium Rare Earth 101 (258) - - - - Nobelium Rare Earth 102 (259) - - - - Lawrencium Transition Metal 103 (260) - - - - Unnilquadium Transition Metal 104 (261) - - - - Unnilpentium Transition Metal 105 (262) - - - - Unnilhexium Transition Metal 106 (263) - - - - Uninbium Transition Metal 112 (277) - - - - Ununnilium Transition Metal 110 (269) - - - - Unununium Transition Metal 111 (272) - - - - Unnilseptium Transition Metal 107 (262.12) - - - - Unniloctium Transition Metal 108 (265) - - - - Unnilennium Transition Metal 109 (266) - - - -